Dutch Custom House tax seals

The PeaceHavens Project

Copyright 2020 © Ged Dodd

aka PeaceHavens Project
Click here for the terms
of free copy & share &
supporting your Project

Join here https://www.facebook.com/groups/PeaceHavensProject/ ..

LINKS TO EVERYTHING ELSE

Dutch Custom House Tax Seals

Aberlady Bay in Scotland was the port for Haddington, and was an active harbour as early as 1149. Because of its largely

sandy shoreline it was one of the few places where the trading vessels of the day could come close to the shore for loading &

unloading. In 1633 this nautical role was formalised when an Act of Parliament designated it as the port for Haddington.

Types of Dutch Custom House Tax Seals

Designated CDS and CDSn. Britain traded with the Dutch before, during and after their golden era of the late 17th century. Cloth seals from this time and before are found in considerable quantities by detectorists in both countries but the Dutch seals most often found in the UK come from the 19th century. They have a distinctive tear-drop shape with measurements of approximately 23 by 18mm. Their layout consists of a coat of arms on one side and R&A with a number (562) below on the other side. .R&A / 562 .

Some have No / R&A / 562 designated CDSn.

- - - -
Designated (RSA) Occasionally the R and A will appear to the sides of the arms, leaving just the number with a circular indentation above on the other side - A typical, tear-drop shaped, Dutch Custom House seal. The first side depicts the crowned Dutch shield bearing the rampant lion of Holland (the Lesser Arms of the Netherlands*) with the inscription, R & A (Regten en Accynsen = Customs and Excise) either side of the shield. The reverse has a round concave stamp over the control number, 825. *The arms, consisting of a crowned lion armed and langued, holding in his dexter paw a sword and in the sinister paw seven arrows tight together, were first used in The Dutch Republic of the Seven United Provinces from 1584 until 1796 when revolution replaced it. It was returned in its current form in 1815 as the Lesser Arms of the Netherlands. However the colour change cannot be seen on a lead impression and the only visual difference is the ‘billetty’ (small squares on the background which are only faintly evident on a few of the seals. The seals cannot be older than 1815 and were unlikely to be in use after the early 20th century. designated (RSA)

- - - -

Designated (NSN) Less common are the slightly larger round seals with an No to the left and the number down the right side of the arms. These have a full inscription on the other side, which confirms what R & A stands for, IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN, which translates to ‘in and outgoing customs and excise’- The Dutch have a history as long and rich as our own in Britain but the Netherlands, as we know it today, only came into existence in 1839. Study of the arms found on the seals allows us to narrow down the date range. They consist of a crowned lion armed and langued, holding in his dexter (right) paw a sword and in the sinister (left) paw seven arrows tight together. These were first used in The Dutch Republic of the Seven United Provinces from 1584 until 1796 when revolution replaced it. It was returned to its current form in 1815 as the Lesser Arms of the Netherlands. The only visual difference apparent on a monochrome seal is the ‘billetty’ (small squares on the background which are only faintly evident on a few of the seals). The seals cannot be older than 1815, probably after 1848 when the constitution became a parliamentary democracy. Unlikely to be still in use after the early 20th century. designated (NSN)

- - - -

Designated COW. (Amended 31 August 2019 according to project member Jan Van Oostveen.) The number probably tallied with a particular export consignment. It may have included flax and just about any other traded commodity but Jan says they are "accijns op het geslacht", Excise duty on the slaughter of animals. Geslacht meaning butchered, so presumably these animals are dead carcases, and not live exports. These are rivet type seals and were used as tail loop tags on exported cattle! The animals involved were bulls, oxen, cows, bullocks, calves, sheep pigs, suckling pigs & other 4 legged animals.

From 1852 it was not used any more for sheep, pigs and suckling pigs.

Dutch Customs Loop Seal, 155, Image by StuE, Found by Allsopp in the Staffs area. The rivet displays a portion of a crowned shield bearing the rampant lion, the arms of Holland. The other side has ACC (Regten en Accynsen) with the control number 155 below. An excellent example of a Dutch customs seal of the type with long strip of lead (100mm) joining both lobes forming a loop allowing it to fasten to an animal's tail with the loop.. designated COW.

Description by Stuart F Elton (BagSeals.Org) with updates by Jan Van Oostveen & Ged Dodd.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Designated HSS. A hand seal stamp with
a wooden handle from the early 19th century.
IN-EN UITG. REGT.EN ACC an abbreviation of
IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN,
translating as ‘in & outgoing customs and excise’.
The No. 1368 is a post number not a date.

The Dutch Republic Official Arms Seal with Crossed Anchors as used by the Dutch Navy

Jos Hagens has found a link connecting the crossed anchors to the Dutch Navy

National Arms and Emblems Past and Present, Hubert de Vries 10.07.07

The symbol of the naval forces of the Low Countries from the middle of the 16th century was two anchors making a Burgundy Cross. ... It seems that the arms with anchors as a symbol of the directors of the navy of the Republic remained in use until the end of the ancient regime and the resignation of the Prince of Orange as the Captain Admiral General in 1795. In that year the old colleges were replaced by a Committé tot Zaken van de Marine which made use of the (uncrowned) five ship hulls arms of the former College Superintendent as crown.

This is the British Customs and Excise Seal	The Danish Copenhagen Customs Kontrol Seal

Unused Dutch Customs House Tax seal found by Herman Vos in Vinkeveen, Netherlands.

An Imperial Continental Gas Association seal found by Herman Vos in Amsterdam, Netherlands

where the "tear drop" Lachrymiform shape could be confused with a Customs House Tax seal.

The UK and the Dutch Flax trade by Ged Dodd

Import of fibres, by Port, 1829 (cwt) into Dundee, Scotland
Port	Flax	%	Hemp	%	Mixed	%	Total	%
Archangel	12,196	4.1	209	0.8	788	5.2	13,139	3.9
St Petersburgh	67,094	22.7	9,163	34.1	1,820	12.0	70,077	21.0
Narva	8,189	2.8					8,189	2.8
Riga	135,677	45.8	15,990	59.4	8,491	55.8	160,158	47.0
Libau	26,634	9	1,042	3.9	2,360	15.5	30,036	8.9
Memel	27,505	9.3	499	1.9	379	2.5	28,383	8.4
Konigsberg	6,164	2.1	7	-	1,266	8.3	7,437	2.2
Pilau	9,158	3.1	-	-	102	0.7	9,260	2.7
Rotterdam	3,456	1.2	-	-	-	-	3,456	1.2
TOTAL	296,082	-	26,910	-	15,206	-	388,198

From examination of this table of Flax imports into Dundee in 1829 it can be seen that very little was imported from Rotterdam. Over six hundred normal Russian 1829 flax bale seals have been found at Bentham site without a sign of a Dutch Customs House Tax seal, nor among the 2500 seals found in the major Northern Mill sites.

Dutch Customs House Tax Seals were not used on flax or hemp bales from Russia

and were most likely used on bales of flax which had been grown in the Netherlands.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Site List by Ged Dodd .. Director of the PeaceHavens Project

Andrew Jones is our primary Dutch Customs House Tax Seal Finder

On the 24th October 2021 we have 452 Dutch Customs House seals on this list

DUTCH CUSTOMS HOUSE TAX SEAL LIST
* CDS is a Crowned Shield with a rampant lion /// RSA / control number * CDSn is a Crowned Shield with a rampant lion /// No. / RSA / control number * COW is an ear or tail loop tag for exported cattle, or carcases. * NSN has IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN written in full * RSA has R (Crowned Shield) A /// a round concave hollow stamp over the control number Bag is Bagseals.Org with ref number (eg. 3776) Click on a thumbnail and use the reverse button to return to here
No	*scan*	*found at*	*found by*	*reserved for notes*	*
1a		Staffordshire	Bag 146	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
3a		Abernethy, Perth	Paul Wetherhill	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
5a		Airdrie, North Lanarkshire	Alistair Milne	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
5b		Southend-on-Sea beach	John Harvey	R shield A / concave hole	RSA

6a		Staffordshire	Bag 158	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
6b		Coatbridge, Scotland	Paul McBride	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
7a		Staffordshire	Bag 161	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
15a		Surrey	Bag 2072	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN
19a		UK	Bag 1092	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
19b		Warrington	ebay	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
21a		Cobblers Pieces, Essex	UKDFD 25946	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
22a		Sutton Coldfield	eBay	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
23a		Perthshire	Bag 1491	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
23b		Aylesbury	Ged Dodd	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

26a		Chielsfield, Kent	Bruce Kendrick	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

23b		Netherlands	Jack	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
28a		Carmarthenshire	Kimberly Dubay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
29a		Montrose, Scotland	Mark Strachan	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
29b		Selby, North Yorkshire	UKDFD 43994	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
29c		eBay	Ged Dodd	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
29d		Bonnyton, Montrose	Mark Strachan	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
29e		Morayshire	Wayne Miles	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
29f		Newtownards, N.I	eBay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
29g		eBay	Ged Dodd	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

30a		Wiltshire	UKDFD 11725	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
30b		Netherlands	ACADEMIA.EDU	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
30c		Glenmavis, N.Lanarkshire	Kirsty Murdock	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

39a		Usan, Montrose, Scotland	Alan Rutter	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
43a		Swallow, Lincolnshire	UKDFD 9700	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
43b		St Andrews, Scotland	Brian Sandison	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
43c		Waterloo, Scotland	Alistair Milne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

44a		Springfield	Gav Mulholland	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
44b		Glenmavis, Airdrie	Jim Miller	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
44c		Netherlands	Herman Vos	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

46a		Rotherham, S.Yorkshire	Gary Rhodes	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

47a		Rainham, Essex	Mark Newton	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
48a		County Tyrone, N Ireland	Sheosaimh O Coinne	with No / R&A / 48	CDSn
48b		Belfast, N Ireland	Glenn Black	with No / R&A / 48	CDSn

50a		UK	Bag 42	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
53a		Upminster, Essex	UKDFD 21768	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
54a		Montrose	Darryl French	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
55a		Beccles, Suffolk	J.W.Bradshaw	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

59a		Haddington, East Lothian	Glen Fiddich	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

66a		Netherlands	Jos Hagens	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
74a		Balk Freiesland	Cobre Spelt	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
74b		Arbroath, Scotland	eBay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
74c		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
74d		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
74e		York	Keith Waudby	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

75a		Warrington	eBay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
86a		UK	Shane Snelling	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW

87a		Essex/Suffolk	Bag 3254	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN
87b		UK	Michael Yeti Yates	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
87c		Scarborough	Dennis Blake Snr	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

88a		Accijnslood	Netherlands	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
88b		Netherlands	Dennis Neeleman	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

90a		Glemsford	Bag 12009	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
93a		S E England	Bag 153	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
97a		Glemsford	Bag 12009	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
98a		Airdrie, North Lanarkshire	Kirsty Murdoch	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
102a		Aylesbury	Ged Dodd	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

104a		Waspik, Netherlands	eBay	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN
106a		Essex	Scott Dubay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

111a		Castle Hedingham	Bag 444	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
111b		Airdrie, North Lanarkshire	Kirsty Murdoch	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
111c		Airdrie, North Lanarkshire	Alistair Milne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
111d		Scottish Borders	Jessica Strachan	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
111e		South East Kent	Charlotte Goldfinch	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

119a		Leicestershire	Roger Thomas	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
120a		Netherlands	ACADEMIA.EDU	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW

121a		Norfolk	Steven Wilkinson	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
122a		Essex	Ged Dodd	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

124a		Montrose	Gavin Barnett	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
125a		Netherlands	Jos Hagens	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
127a		Balk Freiesland	Cobre Spelt	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
136a		Auchtermuchty, Scotland	Jed Beard	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

141a		Netherlands	ACADEMIA.EDU	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
144a		York	Keith Waudby	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

148a		Stuartstown, Northern Ireland	Eddie T Hunter	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
151a		Easingwold/Helmsley	Mark Didlick	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
153a		S E England	Bag 153	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
155a		Staffordshire	Allsopp	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
155b		Netherlands	eBay	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
157a		Waspick, Netherlands	Ged Dodd	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

15?a		New York, USA	eBay	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
164a		UK	eBay	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
165a		Easingwold	Mark Didlick	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
166a		River Thames	Christine Fernbank	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
168a		Alton, Hampshire	Barry Wood	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

169a		UK	eBay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
169b		Gillingham, Dorset	Martin Hol	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

177a		Netherlands	Jos Hagens	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
187a		South Staffordshire	Bag 2462	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
195a		Netherlands	Herman Vos	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

198a		Netherlands	Chris Sleurink	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
201a		Winchester, Hampshire	UKDFD 50174	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
201b		Ferndown, Dorset	Penny Misselbrook	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

202a		UK	Michael Yeti Yates	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
202b		Doncaster	Nigel Meakin	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
204a		Mistley	Bag 1971	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
210a		Grimsby	Bag 21489	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN
212a		Waspick, Netherlands	Ged Dodd eBay	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW

215a	-	Kinghorn Mill, Scotland	PeaceHavens	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
215b		UK	Steven Holden	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN
216a		Netherlands	eBay	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN

221a		Sherburn in Elmet, Yorks	UKDFD 37530	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
226a		Waspick, Netherlands	Ged Dodd	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN

227a		Walden, Bedfordshire	UKDFD 36922	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN
227b		West Lancashire	Marty Deus	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN

230a		Netherlands	Jos Hagens	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN
233a		Beverley, East Yorkshire	Colin White	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
236a		Luggie Bank, N.Lanarkshire	Alistair Milne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

237a		UK	John Munro	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
238a		Banchory	Andy Thomson	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
242a		West Yorkshire	Bag 21483	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
243a		Newtownards, N.I.	eBay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
245a		Vinkeveen, Netherlands	Herman Vos	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
250a		Netherlands	eBay	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN

253a		Glenmavis, Airdrie	Alistair Milne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
254a		Llanelli, Wales	eBay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
254b		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
254c		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
254d		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

257a	-	Keighley, Yorkshire	Ged Dodd	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
257b		Pontefract	Louise Bowling	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
257c		Scotland	Ken Samson	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
257d		Montrose, Scotland	Gavin Barnett	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
257e		Morayshire	Wayne Miles	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
257f		Montrose, Scotland	Gavin Barnett	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
257g		Montrose, Scotland	Gavin Barnett	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
257h		Montrose, Scotland	Gavin Barnett	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS


258a		Much Hadham, Herts.	UKDFD 23859	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
258b		Much Hadham, Herts.	UKDFD 23860	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
259a		Perthshire.	Neil Chadderton	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
259b		Perthshire.	Neil Chadderton	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
260a		Netherlands	eBay	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN

267a		Grantown-on-Spey	Shaun Grant	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

285a		Carmarthenshire.	Kimberly Dubay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
286a		Carmarthenshire	Bag 486	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
286b		Netherlands	Jos Hagens	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
286c		Portland Maine USA	James Holmberg	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

286d		Norfolk	Mark Harding	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

287a		Colchester	Bag 2146	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
287b		Lympstone, Devon	Stuart Woolger	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
287c		Devon	Peter Vernon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

288a		Tollershunt Major, Essex	Bag 1052	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
288b		Lancs./York's border	Bag 1752	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
288c		Mistley	Bag 1968	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
288d		Colchester	Bag 3234	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
288e		Orpington, Kent	Bag 12447	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
288f		Tillyfar farm, Aberdeenshire	Brian Arnold	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
288g		UK	Ged Dodd	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
288h		Perth, Scotland	Gary Mitchell	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
288i		St Andrews, Scotland	Brian Sanderson	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
288j		Morayshire	Wayne Miles	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
288k		Newtownards	eBay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
288L		Cupar, Fife	Jason Sutherland	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
288m		Skyehouse, Doncaster	Andy Allman	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
288n		Leeds	Spud Booker	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
288o		Montrose, Scotland	Gavin Barnett	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

289a		Kinghorn Mill, Scotland	PeaceHavens	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
289b		Kinghorn Mill, Scotland	PeaceHavens	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
289c		West Yorkshire	Bag 3002	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
289d		UK	Bag 3329	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
289e		Forfar, Angus, Forfarshire	UKDFD 45635	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
289f		Stuartstown, Northern Ireland	Eddie T Hunter	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
289g		Moy, County Tyrone	John Brownlee	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
289h		Isle of Wight	Adrian Newman	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
289i		Co Tyrone, Ireland	Anthony Fox	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
289j		UK	John Munro	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
289k		Bridge of Earn, Scotland	Gavin Barnett	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
289L		Bonnyton, Montrose	Mark Strachan	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
289m		Scotland	Alistair Milne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

29?a		Montrose, Scotland	Mark Strachan	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
291a		Netherlands	eBay	blank	NSN
301a		Staffordshire	Bag 152	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
303a		West Lancashire	Mik F Keepers	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
304a		East Riding of Yorkshire	Westley Draper	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
304b		Alton, Hampshire	Barry Wood	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

312a		Newtownards N.I	eBay Ged	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
312b		Dublin, Ireland	Patrick Byrne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
312c		Daventry	eBay Ged	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

313a		East Anglia	Mary Col Club	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN
313b		Knaresborough	Bag 3776	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN
323a		Stuartstown, Northern Ireland	Eddie T Hunter	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
327a		County Armagh, N Ireland	Sheosaimh O Coinne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
329a		Glenmaris, Scotland	Finlay Bogan	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
330a		Amsterdam, Holland	John Los	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
331a		UK	Bag 946	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
343a	-	Kinghorn Mill, Scotland	PeaceHavens	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
343b	-	Kinghorn Beach, Scotland	PeaceHavens	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
343c		Canada	PeaceHavens	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
343d		Scotland	Alistair Milne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

344a		East Ayrshire, Scotland	Bag 11811	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
344b		Netherlands	ACADEMIA.EDU	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
344c		West Lothian, Scotland	Jon Upton	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
344d		Airdrie, North Lanarkshire	Kirsty Murdoch	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
344e		Errol, Perthshire	Gavin Barnett	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
344f		County Down N.Ireland	Aaron Campbell	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
344g		Moira, Co. Armargh N.I	Seth Campbell	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
344h		UK	Richard Foxwell	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN
344i		Fraserburgh, NE Scotland	Brian Sanderson	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
344j		Carmarthenshire	Christopher James	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
344k		Carmarthenshire	Christopher James	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

345a		Carleton, Bedfordshire	Tony Thira	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
345b		-	Bag 828	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN
345c		Hampshire	eBay	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN
345d		Airdrie, Scotland	Alistair Milne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
345e		Haddington, East Lothian	Glen Fiddich	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
345f		Jersey	Kenneth Rive	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN
345g		Roxburghshire	Paul Robertson	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
345H		Montrose, Scotland	Gavin Barnett	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
345i		Gatehead, Ayrshire	Alan Grey	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS


347a		Insch, Aberdeen	Kay Reid	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

351a		County Down N.Ireland	Aaron Campbell	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
354a		Carmarthenshire	Scott Dubay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
354b		Elgin/Forres	Brian Sandison	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
354c		Cawood, North Yorkshire	Richard Illand	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

359a		Stuartstown, Northern Ireland	Eddie T Hunter	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
359b		Usan, Montrose	Gavin Barnett	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
359c		Montrose	Gavin Barnett	R shield A / concave hole	RSA

360a		Carmarthenshire	Kimberly Dubay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
361a		Gwent, Wales	Bag 2604	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
361b		Airdrie, North Lanarkshire	Kirsty Murdoch	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
361c		Carmarthen	Jason Powell	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

364a		Cyprus	eBay	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
364b		Montrose	Gavin Barnett	R shield A / concave hole	RSA

365a		South Milford, N.Yorks	UKDFD 22674	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
365b		Morayshire	Wayne Miles	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
366a		Drumbowie, Scotland	Indiana DA	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
369a		Hawick Area	Kyle Lawrie	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

370a		Milwaukee Wisconsin USA	Chris Elfert	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
370b		Dannygraig, Swansea	Rob Frayne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

372a		County Armagh, N Ireland	Sheosaimh O Coinne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
373a		Netherlands	Jos Hagens	with No / R&A / 373	CDSn
378a		Worksop, Nottinghamshire	Lee Robert Cutts	with No / R&A / 378	CDSn
378b		Newport, Isle of Wight	Dean Woodford	with No / R&A / 378	CDSn
378c		Bexley, Kent	Andy Bull	with No / R&A / 378	CDSn
378d		Edinburgh	Jane Grieve	with No / R&A / 378	CDSn

379a		Morayshire	Wayne Miles	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

382a		Staffordshire	Bag 155	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
388a		UK eBay	Ged Dodd	with No / R&A / 388	CDSn
395a		Elgin/Torres	Brian Sandison	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
396a		County Down N.Ireland	Aaron Campbell	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
397a		Elgin/Torres	Brian Sandison	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
397b		Morayshire	Wayne Miles	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

398a		County Armagh	Gavin McMahon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
403a		Chielsfield, Kent	Bruce Kendrick	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

410a		Portrush, County Antrim	Bag 2604	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
410b		Carmarthenshire	Kimberly Dubay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
410c		Carmarthenshire	Kimberly Dubay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
413a		Netherlands	eBay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

414a		Netherlands	Jos Hagens	An ear tag for exported cattle	COW
416a		Lympstone, Devon	Cliff Clogger	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
419a		Salisbury, UK	Rob Cos	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
420a		Driffield, East Yorkshire	Anthony Loughran	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

425a		UK	Ged Dodd	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

431a		Lancashire/Yorks border	Bag 1758	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
431b		County Armagh, N Ireland	Sheosaimh O Coinne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
431c		Carnoustie	Baz Oberon Montgomery	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
431d		Bridge of Earn, Scotland	Gavin Barnett	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
431e		North of Ireland	Christopher Hughes	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

433a		Glenmavis, Airdrie	Alistair Milne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
435a		Belfast	Markus Maximus	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
445a		Kent	Emma Pierce	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

447a		Netherlands	Jos Hagens	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
448a		Kent	Bag 2902	with No / R&A / 448	CDSn
448b		County Armagh	Gavin McMahon	with No / R&A / 448	CDSn
448c		County Armagh	Gavin McMahon	with No / R&A / 448	CDSn
449a		Middlesbrough	UKDFD 15515	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
452a		Melrose	Eddie Minto	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

453a		Netherlands	Jos Hagens	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
454a		Netherlands	ACADEMIA.EDU	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

456a		Thames Foreshore	Tony Thira	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
456b		Morayshire	Wayne Miles	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

457a		Netherlands	Jos Hagens	with No / R&A / 457	CDSn

471a		Colchester	Bag 2176	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
473a		Amsterdam, Netherlands	eBay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDSn
473b		Thames Foreshore	Philly Gumbo	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDSn

475a		County Armagh, N Ireland	Sheosaimh O Coinne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
475b		Dungannon	Anthony Fox	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
475c		Dungannon	Anthony Fox	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
475d	-	Dungannon	Anthony Fox	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
475e	-	Dungannon	Anthony Fox	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
475f		Carmarthenshire	Scott Dubay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

487a		Stuartstown, Northern Ireland	Eddie T Hunter	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
487b		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

495a		Thames Foreshore	Tony Thira	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
495b		UK	eBay	with No. / R&A / 495	CDSn
499a		Kent	Bag 2906	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
500a		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
500b		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
500c		Montrose, Scotland	Gavin Barnett	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

507a		Airdrie, North Lanarkshire	Kirsty Murdoch	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
507b		UK eBay	Ged Dodd	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
507c		Glenboig, Lanarkshire	Alistair Milne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
507d		Montrose, Scotland	Darryl French	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
507e		Montrose, Scotland	Darryl French	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

510a		Stuartstown, Northern Ireland	Eddie T Hunter	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
510b		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
510c		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
510d		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
510e		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
510f		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
510g		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

512a		Stuartstown, Northern Ireland	Eddie T Hunter	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
512b		Stuartstown, Northern Ireland	Eddie T Hunter	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
512c		Winchester	Ebay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
512d		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
512e		Essex	Scott Dubay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

514a		Newtownards, N.I	eBay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
514b		Haddington, East Lothian	Glen Fiddich	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

515a		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
520a		Essex	UKDFD 26741	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
522a		Sawbridgeworth, Essex	UKDFD 57530	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
522b		Ellon, Aberdeenshire	Wieslaw Biorka	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
522c		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
522d		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
522e		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
522f		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
524a		County Armagh	Gavin McMahon	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
524b		UK	Ged Dodd	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
524c		Montrose Scotland	Gavin Barnett	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
524d		Montrose Scotland	Darryl French	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
524e		Perth, Scotland	Natasha Smith	R shield A / concave hole	RSA

525a		Netherlands	Jack	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
529a		Kinghorn Mill, Scotland	PeaceHavens	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
529b		Gloucestershire	UKDFD 40290	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
529c		Stuartstown, Northern Ireland	Eddie T Hunter	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
529d		Carnoustie, Tayside	Bob Paterson	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
529e		Morayshire	Wayne Miles	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
529f		Brechin	Darryl French	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

531e		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
534a		Longriggend, Lanarkshire	Alister Milne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
535a		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
536a		UK	eBay	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
541a		Balk Freiesland	Cobre Spelt	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
541b		Cyprus	eBay	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
544a		County Down N.Ireland	Aaron Campbell	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
544b		Downpatrick, N.Ireland	Christopher Brown	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
545a		Stonehaven	Darryl French	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

548a		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
548b		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
548c		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
548d		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
548e		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
549a		York	Richard Allam	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
550a		Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland	Bag 4905	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
550b		Carmarthenshire	Kimberly Dubay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
553a		Cliffe Woods, Kent	Christopher Leach	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
553b		Glenmaris, Scotland	Alistair Milne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
553c		Pebbles, Scotland	Grant Baxter	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
557a		Balk Freiesland	Cobre Spelt	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

558a		Belhelvie, Aberdeen	Ian Thompson	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
559a		--	Netherlands	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
559b		Haddington, East Lothian	Glen Fiddich	R shield A / concave hole	RSA

562a		Stonehouse, Plymouth	Bag 21192	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
562b		Magheraveely, N.Ireland	Les Graydon	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
567a		Greenfoot, Scotland	Jim Miller	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
567b		Glenmavis, Scotland	Alistair Milne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
569a		Stonehaven, Scotland	Darryl French	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

570a		Thames Foreshore	Tony Thira	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
570b		Lincolnshire	Bag 20640	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
572a		Garretstown Beach Co Cork	Ruaidhri O'Tigernaigh	R shield A / concave hole	RSA

576a		Ormskirk, Liverpool	Bag 3044	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
576b		Arbroath, Scotland	eBay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
582a		UK	Anthony Small	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
589a		eBay	Ged Dodd	with No. / R&A / 589	CDSn
592a		Kent	Bag 2904	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
592b		Prestonpans, Edinburgh	Mariusz Stepien	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

618a		eBay	Ged Dodd	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
620a		Edinburgh	Iain Johnson	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

626a		UK	eBay	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
629a		Carmarthenshire	Kimberly Dubay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
630a		Easingwold, North Yorkshire	Mark Didlick	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
636a		Carmarthenshire.	Kimberly Dubay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
636b		Montrose	Gavin Barnett	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

639a		Wistow, North Yorkshire	UKDFD 51782	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
640a		Netherlands	Jos Hagens	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
642a		Stuartstown, Northern Ireland	Eddie T Hunter	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
644a		Carnoustie, Scotland	Tom Miller	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
649a		Ripon, Yorkshire	Richard Allam	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

657a		County Armagh, N Ireland	Sheosaimh O Coinne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
659a		Kirkcaldy, Fife	Bag 4908	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
659b		UK	Bag 4596	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
659c		Torwood, Scotland	Gavin Barnett	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
659d		Carnoustie	Alistair Milne	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
659e		Glenmavis	Alistair Milne	R shield A / concave hole	RSA

668a		Lincolnshire	Jamie Hanson	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
669a		Kinghorn, Scotland	PeaceHavens	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
669b		Kinghorn, Scotland	PeaceHavens	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
674a		Netherlands	ACADEMIA.EDU	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
676a		Yorkshire	Richard Illand	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
676b		East Calder, West Lothian	Lee Muirhead	R shield A / concave hole	RSA

689a		Vleeslood	Netherlands	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
689b		Monikie, Scotland	Baz Oberon Montgomery	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
689c		Scotland	eBay	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
689d		Airdrie, North Lanarkshire	Kirsty Murdoch	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
689e		Airdrie, North Lanarkshire	Alistair Milne	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
689f		Duntrune, Dundee	Tom Miller	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
689g		Glenboig, Scotland	Eddie Hughes	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
689h		Hermiston, Edinburgh	Alister Milne	R shield A / concave hole	RSA

695a		UK	eBay (USA)	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
697a		UK	Bag 3142	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
701a		Beverley, UK	Colin White	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
708a		UK	Michael Yeti Yates	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW

722a		Stuartstown, Northern Ireland	Eddie T Hunter	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
724a		Ogmore Vale, South Wales	Jason Powell	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
726a		Netherlands	Jos Hagens	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
746a		Bridlington	Colin White	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS

749a		UK	Bag 765	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
763a		County Armagh	Gavin McMahon	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
763b		UK	Ged Dodd	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
763c		Montrose	Gavin Barnett	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
763d		UK	Ged Dodd	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
765a		Ilford, UK	Ged Dodd	R shield A / concave hole	RSA

825a		England	Ged Dodd	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
845a		Morayshire	Wayne Miles	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
846a		Kent	Ben Corbett	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
852a		Hampshire	Darren Duncan	R shield A / concave hole	RSA

859a		Newport, Cwmbran	David Hawkes	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
876a		Elgin/Forres	Brian Sandison	R shield A / concave hole	RSA

889a		Montrose, Scotland	Mark Strachan	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
989a		Vleeslood	Netherlands	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
993a		UK	eBay	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
995a		Wilden, Bedfordshire	Nettie Edmondson	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
1024a		Netherlands	ACADEMIA.EDU	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
1029a		Cyprus	eBay	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
1049a		Tilburg, Netherlands	Jeffrey Van de Pol	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW

1091a		Netherlands	Jos Hagens	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
1091b		Roosendaal, Netherlands	Jos Hagens	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
1091c		Roosendaal, Netherlands	Jos Hagens	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW

1092a		Netherlands	Jos Hagens	A tail tag for exported cattle	COW
1099a		Shippensburg, Pennsylvania	Jill Hartley Fetterman	R shield A / concave hole	RSA

1293a		UK	Bag 21378	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
1295a		Kent	Mat Honeysett	R shield A / concave hole	RSA

1368a		UK	Ged Dodd auction	Brass stamp with wooden handle	HSS

1345a		Thames Foreshore	Monika Buttling-Smith	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
1410a		UK	eBay	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
1410b		Waspik, Netherlands	eBay	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
1533a		Thames Foreshore	Ian Buckler	R shield A / concave hole	RSA

1721a		Battersea, Middlesex	UKDFD 41630	R shield A / concave hole	RSA
1771a		Waspick, Netherlands	ebay	R shield A / concave hole	RSA



???a		Kinghorn Mill, Scotland	PeaceHavens	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
???b		Derby	Jeff Smith	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
???c		Perthshire	Bag 1489	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
???d		Lancs/Yorkshire border	Bag 1760	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
???e		Kent	Bag 2908	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
???f		Gaunts End, Essex	UKDFD 26235	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
???g		County Armagh, N Ireland	Sheosaimh O Coinne	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
???h		Waspick, Netherlands	H.Van Schaik	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN
???i		Brechin N.E.Scotland	Allan Rutter	IN EN UITGAANDE REGTEN EN ACCYNSEN	NSN
???j		Carmarthenshire	Kimberly Dubay	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS
???k		Cliffe Woods, Kent	Christopher Leach	Crowned Shield rampant lion	CDS




For details of individual R&A seals click http://www.bagseals.org/gallery/main.php?g2_itemId=31&g2_page=49 For details of individual cow seals click http://www.bagseals.org/gallery/main.php?g2_itemId=31&g2_page=50

The Dutch Connection with Caio Haars

of the Archaeological Working Group, Oudewater, and PeaceHavens Project Member

https://noord.zenderstreeknieuws.nl/…/oudste-russische-henn…

At Oudewater - recently Caio Haars, a member of the archaeological Working Group Oudewater, has been busy with the determination of the many seals he has found in Oudewater. He has received help from experts, Jan van Oostveen and the Brit Jed Dodd. Seal bobs used to be an official proof for a product. A quality characteristic. So you could see from which year a product came, of what quality it was, where it came from and so on. There was one very special plumb of bob between the seals. It turned out with the year 1731 the oldest Russian hemp Bob ever found. In the picture the R with embellishment is good to see. That stands for Clean hemp. On the other side are the number 2, the year 1731 and the letters SPB. This means that on post 2, in the year 1731, this hemp has been inspected in the Russian city of Saint Petersburg. Several Russian hemp bobs have been found in the municipality of Oudewater: Hemp from Russia and the Baltic States is widely used in the Oudewaterse rope industry. This import posed a threat to local hemp cultivation and is seen as one of the causes of the decline of hemp cultivation in the 18th century. This return came on the one hand through the dike breakthroughs, in addition, cattle plague also had effects on hemp cultivation because there was too little manure available for the hemp fields. In the 18th century the rope industry itself had problems because fewer ships were built. For those who want to read more about it, Jed Dodd has a site about ports and cities in hemp cultivation and has now also written a piece about Oudewater:
http://www.peacehavens.co.uk/BSTOWNSBS.htm

https://m.facebook.com/groups/2258960697701678?view=permalink&id=2374538492810564

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Work Space

seals awaiting posting - pics put here so they don't get lost

Magheraveely, N.Ireland

Eddie T hunter

Gavin McMahon .. County Armagh

Thanks for your kind support .. Ged Dodd Director of The PeaceHavens Project.

LINKS TO EVERYTHING ELSE